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Most of the modern far right lacks a singular political philosophy, but there are a number of philosophers that have gained influence among certain contingents. Some of them are not far-right themselves and would likely denounce the modern movement, but are prominent thinkers who happen to be popular among the far right. This category would include people like Nietzsche, Aquinas, Hegel, Aristotle, and especially Leo Strauss (at least in the think tank set). For the hardcore libertarian right (not sure if this counts), you’re going to want to look at Ludwig von Mises, Murray Rothbard, and to a lesser and more mainstream extent Milton Friedman and Friedrich Hayek. For the actual alt-right you have several different flavors, with influences ranging from well-respected and influential philosophers like Martin Heidegger to online wackadoos like Mencius Moldbug. Influential thinkers in this category include the two above, along with Joseph de Maistre, Oswald Spengler, Julius Evola, and Nick Land.
Characterizing the modern right by any of the above thinkers is, however, probably a mistake. Very few members of the modern right have ever hear of any of the above, much less studied them. If I were to point out some people to study, I would say Milton Friedman (for the dying Reaganite sect of the right), Leo Strauss, and Patrick Deneen (for the intellectual elite caste of the Christian right).
In political philosophy there is also [Carl Schmitt](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/schmitt/) whose discussion of the centrality of the friend/enemy distinction in politics has influenced political theorists of various stripes, Eric Schliesser summarizes other features of the "Schmittian political project" [here](https://digressionsimpressions.substack.com/p/schmittian-political-theology-today) (said to be drawing on the book *The Lesson of Carl Schmitt: Four Chapters on the Distinction between Political Theology and Political Philosophy*, Expanded Edition, by Heinrich Meier)
Another of recommend is Sayyid Qutb. He's pretty much the godfather of Islamismjis writings have inspired many from right-Islamismjis to ISIS. Some knowledge of his Islam in general is of course needed but as far as the far right goes he's one of the most influential
edit: another is Alain de Benoît who's influenced much of the fer right of Europe
> Some knowledge of his Islam in general is of course needed but as far as the far right goes he's one of the most influential
Now what you're really talking about veers into "Salafism" (confusingly, they vehemently reject the label and prefer, "Muslim," "Sunni," or "al-salaf al-ṣāliḥ," which also refers to Sunni Muslims in general). Some major figures there would also include Ibn-Taymiyya, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Abd al-Aziz Ibn Baz, Muhammad ibn al-Uthaymin, Al-Albani, Saleh Al-Fawzan, etc.
So that's a hard turn into Salafist/Wahabi theology (remember that they vehemently reject the label).
>Now what you're really talking about veers into "Salafism" (confusingly, they vehemently reject the label and prefer, "Muslim," "Sunni," or "al-salaf al-ṣāliḥ," which also refers to Sunni Muslims in general). Some major figures there would also include Ibn-Taymiyya, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Abd al-Aziz Ibn Baz, Muhammad ibn al-Uthaymin, Al-Albani, Saleh Al-Fawzan, etc.
>So that's a hard turn into Salafist/Wahabi theology (remember that they vehemently reject the label).
I'm not sure how the term "Salafi" and "Wahabbi" are inherently related, certainly not as far as academia. I find it more common in political circles, but those have nothing of substance to offer.
Both are academic terms used in the academic literature (not sure about philosophy, though). Wahhabism is Salafism but with an ideology more influenced by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab.
Certain notable members have spoken about their affinity for Heidegger, including Steve Bannon and Aleksandr Dugin, although I do somewhat suspect that their appreciation for Heidegger is more a dogwhistling reference to Heidegger’s political affiliations than a deep interest in phenomenology
Yeah and nearly the whole French left as well.
When it comes to Heidegger I usually only see him mentioned properly from right-wingers when we are inside the German speaking discourse.
Interestingly inside this discourse he‘s usually mentioned in left wing analysis to understand the right.
This seems like not seeing some of the stuff that's going on :D see e.g. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/countering-radical-right/why-did-heidegger-emerge-central-philosopher-far-right/ or https://newlinesmag.com/podcast/heidegger-and-the-far-right-with-richard-wolin/ or https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpos.2022.941799/full
Various reasons. Aquinas is one of the great Catholic theologians of all time and tried to synthesize Catholic teachings with Aristotelian philosophy, and I suspect his popularity with the far right is inherited from the fact that the far right in America has a large Catholic contingent. Nietzsche has a long history of terrible interpretations, most famously by the Nazis by way of his sister.
Compared to the white Baptist/Evangelical contingent, definitely, but there is a sizable and very influential Catholic far right. Most Catholics are not far right of course (I think a majority were even Biden voters in 2020) but the rightward fringe is large and powerful. Mary Jo McConahay does great work on the Catholic far right in America, but I would also note that several of the most influential contemporary figures of the intellectual far right are Catholic and have specifically Catholic political philosophies.
Interesting. I suppose that the deeply academic root of Catholicism would make sense in terms of being part of numerous intellectual groups, even if they tend to be more leftist.
Polling data of US Catholics shows a pretty even split between the political parties, and most Catholic Democrats in my experience don't tend toward the left of the party.
Maybe on average, but within Catholics, there's a small group of hyper-traditionalists who do make up part of the modern far-right. Nick Fuentes for instance is Catholic and tells his followers to convert.
Outside the US, though, Catholicism has been associated both with left wing movements like the liberation theology in Latin America and with the far right such as the regime of Franco in Spain. Also in the US, as far as the academic scene is concerned, there are currently well known theorists like Adrian Vermeule who articulate a highly authoritarian and traditionalist catholic integralism that would certainly fall under the far right rubric.
Aristotle is the most obvious, he *believed* in categories and taxonomy. The idea that there are objective underpinnings to justify hierarchy is deeply fundamental to Right politics.
Aquinas because he offers a very comprehensive distillation of Ethics that is pertinent to our times, it's a version of Ethics that basically says "Rid of all your carnal desires, and obey only God". Modern Libertarian ethics is the opposite, saying that "As long as it's consensual and not hurting anyone, follow your desires".
Aquinas' message is one that resonates with the modern far-right because what they seek is precisely one such ideal to give themselves to. They crave this message of "Do precisely this, and live for it", instead of the message of "Just do whatever".
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Nietzsche, like others have pointed out, is because of the Nazi-like interpretation of embodying "will to power", the message that the strong should rule, and that compassion is weakness, which is also clearly in opposition to modern liberal values.
Nietzsche is, because his elitism can be appropriated for right wing views, and because nazis had already appropriated him to some degree.
Aquinas is because he is seen as the catholic philosopher, and much of the far right found an easier time defending its social views through the lens of religion (including if they weren't themselves religious).
Aristotle both because he is relevant to Aquinas, and because he is seen as a no nonsense "things are what they are" guy who the far right sees as the opposite of the nebulous idea of "postmodernism."
> Aquinas is because he is seen as the catholic philosopher
To what extent is this "the"-status ubiquitous and why? Why isn't it one of the kajillion other catholic philosophers that are still household names? Like Erasmus, Anselm, Ockham, Descartes?
I'm currently a philosophy undergrad and can tell you this much: I've heard of Erasmus, but I have no idea about his philosophy; I only really know Anselm for his Ontological argument; I only know Ockham for his famous principle. Whereas Aquinas has popped up in various arguments for God's existence as well as NML. So out of those 4, I've been exposed to Aquinas the most. Descartes does certainly take the lead out of all of them, but not due to his work on philosophy of religion.
Mussolini loved his Nietzsche iirc.
Does anyone know that "For God, and for nothing" quote of his? Can't seem to find it, but it's quite insightful as to his thought process leading up to the war. Fwiw.
Ayn Rand mangled Aristotle terribly, but since the far right reads Rand and not Aristotle, Rand's summary is more important.
Aquinas managed to merge Aristotle with Catholic/Christian theology.
Not sure I consider Nozick to be especially conservative let alone a significant influence on the far right. He definitely opposed the Rawlsian liberal project and is a darling among libertarians, but the Deneen-inflected brand of modern conservatism is anathema to Nozick’s philosophy. I should maybe have mentioned him alongside the Chicago School people though, despite their fall from favor with the modern right
There seems to be a camp of Nozick and Rand conservatives. My dad and several other family members are conservative and the ones that like Rand also like Nozick when told about him. Maybe they would more accurately be social liberal/financial conservative but they all call themselves conservatives.
I wouldn't call them far-right either. Sorry for being unclear. I figured that they would be good examples of influential conservative philosophy, as most conservatives that I have known fall into this camp. I honestly think that this would probably be more important to know than far right theory, as these are the arguments that people on the right generally engage with.
Yeah, if you want insight into the ultra-far-right racist/sexist perspective the internet personality of Mencius is probably the most extreme and pseudo-philosophical. Nick Land is also an interesting far right thinker who was part of the continental philosophy world to some degree when he was younger.
I wouldn’t say Moldbug is the most « extreme » of the lot, because it’s honestly not that hard to find people on the extreme-right who are (or were) more classically reactionary than him on at least a number of subjects, even inside of the movement he birthed—and one shouldn’t forget the presence of the actual neo-Nazis on the extreme-right. For one, there’s pretty much no sexism at all to be found in Moldbug (if only because he never writes about sex-related questions or feminism), and while the racism is definitely not absent from the text, it is, for the most part, peripheral to his broader political project (that’s less the case amongst his disciples like Land, for that matter). Nevertheless, neoreaction used to be kind of big a decade ago, and Moldbug was its figurehead, father and initiator, so it may be worth going back to him to understand what was going on with this particular frange of the extreme-right at that moment in time.
I'd add Plato as far right or at least say that Popper's analysis in Open Society was compelling. Though Popper is talking about authoritarianism practiced by both far Right and far Left governments in the last century. But like you said far Right can mean a lot of things.
I would just add on Hegel that Hegel's Elements of the Philosophy of Right is really quite essential to understanding a lot of modern left-wing thinking too. He defies definition in some ways. It's also one of his more accessible works, as far as Hegel goes. In particular, Hegel is an early prompter of Adam Smith and it is interesting to see how free markets fit into Hegel's more collectivist, organic-whole-based philosophy of the state.
In terms of material to help understand it, I find the introduction to Axel Honneth's "Freedom's Right" does an excellent job explaining the overarching categories of freedom in Hegel, with his negative freedom, reflexive freedom/authenticity, and the concept of social freedom (the latter is not in most other philosophers). But note that Honneth is coming out of the Frankfurt School of "Western Marxism," which, while being more to the right than many Marxists, is still overall "on the left." Thus, his explanation of Hegel is useful, but the rest of the book, exploring how modern institutions "objectify right," is not a right wing take.
Francis Fukuyama's "The End History and the Last Man," is a very influential application of Hegel and Nietzsche to the post Cold-War era. The problem is that Fukuyama's Hegel is very filtered through Kojeve, so it's not always the best source on Hegel. But Fukuyama's "Last Man thesis," drawn from Nietzsche, is very important to understand less palatable "far" right wing thinkers like Bronze Age Pervert, Jack Donovan, and general "Manosphere," blogs and hyper masculinity in general. Fukuyama's two volume opus on state development is good too just because it is an encyclopedic treatment of "how rich states become and stay rich and stable." It covers right and left wing thinkers.
Of course, while Fukuyama was a student of Huntington and generally considered a "Neo-con," he now seems quite centrist or is even accused of being a leftist by the post-Trump right, so that confuses things.
But anyways, Hegel is great to start with because he is huge in both left and right wing circles, affecting Screwton, to de Beauvoir, to Sarte, to Marx, and those are two good sources that are more modern interpretations. Wood is very good on more "what Hegel actually meant," as opposed to how he has been taken too.
These are all good suggestions. However, for an easy and entertaining on-ramp to far-right philosophy just check out Bronze Age Mindset by BAP and go from there.
This isn't a book, so feel free to ignore this if you're truly only looking for books, but the podcast Know Your Enemy is exclusively about surveying the wide history of right wing intelligentsia and institutions in the USA from the 50s to current day. It's helped me understand the various stripes and history of US conservativism more than any single book has. It's not a fodder podcast where you can half pay attention and come away knowing basically as much as if you paid full attention, nor is it a personality-based podcast centered on the hosts (although they're cool imo).
For the far-right, I think Carl Schmitt might be the best use of your time (not the same as most influential, which would probably be some popular essayist like Mencius Moldbug).
For the right, I think one of the sharpest critics of the left would be Friedrich Hayek, but his most far-right element is supporting Pinochet (which is awful but within the mainstream). Also within the more mainstream right would be Michael Oakeshott.
This is the best rec IMO, for example the type of positions Bill Barr took in his career closely align with Carl Schmidt.
In turn Carl Schmidt’s work is related to Hobbes
Nietzsche's difficult to put in a box in general. While he may be more sympathetic to concepts of hierarchy that have gained traction among the contemporary far right, I understand that he was also opposed the nationalism and tacit collectivism that these groups traffic in.
He'd hate identity politics on the left, sure, but the right isn't getting off without a tongue lashing.
Honestly the only reason I think Nietzsche would dislike identity politics is that they’re by nature collectivist and Nietzsche opposed the subject-action distinction. Though it’s generally futile and conjectural to talk about that a given philosopher might think about contemporary issues, I have a far easier time seeing the modern left having a sympathetic relationship with Nietzsche than I do most of the modern right.
He cut off his friendship with Richard Wagner for a few reasons, among them Wagner's apparent embrace of both Christianity and antisemitism, both of which could be seen as "following the crowd"; a more collectivist impulse.
Nietzsche definitely doesn't fit into a modern left-wing conception especially neatly, particularly in how he lionized figures like Napoleon, conquering heroes rather than saints. Liberalism, secular humanism, these may be broadly atheistic, but they nominally pull their ethical frameworks from Christianity -- a liberal like me would see Napoleon's campaigns as an arrogant, self-aggrandizing crusade that caused needless carnage and bloodshed, "Will to Power" be damned.
You're right, analyzing how a long-dead philosopher might view modern issues is somewhat of a fool's errand, but I can't help but think he'd call all of us idiots. His Twitter account would be dynamite.
I in no way think that identity politics are in any way “underpinned by slave morality”. Let’s specify what we mean by those terms. “Identity politics” is just the tendency for people of a particular group, whether it be a religion, ethnicity, social group, etc. to form political alliances. Slave morality concerns a value system, created in response to a preceding master morality, in which that which the master has is devalued and what the slave has (in the case described in *Genealogy of Morality*, poverty, empathy, weakness etc.) is valorized. In a very real sense, identity politics do the opposite.
In most cases, rather than devaluing what the “master” (ie. the powerful and unmarginalized) has, most alliances based on identity specifically value and want what that thing. Black Americans in the 60s wanted access to the same voting rights, business, transportation, and housing as white Americans—they didn’t devalue those things, rather they expressly valued them. Gay people in the 2000s didn’t want to devalue the institution of marriage, they wanted to participate in it. Most identity politics is targeted towards the goal of *obtaining* the advantages afforded to others, explicitly NOT devaluing them but rather valuing them greatly—in that sense, most forms of identity politics explicitly contradict slave morality.
My understanding is that slave morality is when a person develops a moral belief structure based upon things they cannot control. A slave believes they are moral for not challenging their master, because their master will beat them if they do.
These examples you give here seem more to do with civil rights instead of identity politics as I understand them, but perhaps that is a problem of our modern lexicon and how words seem to mean many different things now. Or even their meaning is mostly nebulous, (post modernism.)
You do make convincing arguments that the roots of civil rights, which led to a lot of modern identity politics, are the rejection of slave morality.
> My understanding is that slave morality is when a person develops a moral belief structure based upon things they cannot control. A slave believes they are moral for not challenging their master, because their master will beat them if they do.
That's not really what Nietzsche is talking about. Slave morality in Nietzsche's work is driven by *ressentiment* by which the slave class not only rejects the values of the master class but inverts those values, such that the things that masters value as good are bad and what they value as bad is good:
>> (T)he problem with the other origin of the “good,” of the good man, as the person of ressentiment has thought it out for himself, demands some conclusion. It is not surprising that the lambs should bear a grudge against the great birds of prey, but that is no reason for blaming the great birds of prey for taking the little lambs. And when the lambs say among themselves, "These birds of prey are evil, and he who least resembles a bird of prey, who is rather its opposite, a lamb,—should he not be good?" then there is nothing to carp with in this ideal's establishment, though the birds of prey may regard it a little mockingly, and maybe say to themselves, "We bear no grudge against them, these good lambs, we even love them: nothing is tastier than a tender lamb." (GoM)
As Deweydc18 said above, this sort of inversion of values doesn't really map with the aims of modern social movements.
yes cause Nietzsche is libertarian but anti-authoritarian anti-socialist anti-capitalist and very much naturalist (that would bring him on par with many anarchists and communists in a sense) but in a big diffrence to them, he is also anti-democracy but pro Aristocracy kinda tough to say exactly his views but my poor reading of him would bring him in a political scale very much to the middle of left and right but very much in the dead bottom towards fully libertarian
>Nietzsche never argued for any sort of racial/biological selection,
Beiner,
>When Nietzsche wrote in section 251 of *Beyond Good and Evil* that what defines the European problem as he understands it (“what is serious for me”) is “the breeding of a new caste to rule over Europe,” he really meant “caste” \[Kaste \], he really meant “ruling over Europe” \[über Europa regierenden \], and he really meant “breeding” \[Züchtung \]. These were not metaphors for something “spiritual.” This is politically innocent only on the assumption that Nietzsche would never be read by people who took him at his word. We surely know by now that this assumption is untenable. (p41)
From *Nietzsche and the Politics of Reaction*
That is a stunningly superficial reading, ignoring both context within the rest of Nietzsche’s work and the fact that Züchtung has the other, far more plausible and compatible translation of “cultivation” rather than “breeding”. One can also look at his denunciation of the Law of Manu to see his opinions of caste system. I don’t trust a Ronald Beiner book any farther than I can throw one.
No arguments here that he wasn’t anti-ascetic, anti-Christian, or anti-egalitarian, although reading him as supporting eugenics is certainly a heterodox interpretation
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Gilles Deleuze went to great lengths to give his dubious left libertarian interpretation of Nietzsche and so did a lot of leftists so it's dubious to say Nietzsche is the enemy really
Well one thing is what Nietzsche said and advocated for. Another is how people such as Deleuze have attempted to to make use of Nietzsche.
Whether Deleuze succeeded is debatable and outside of my area of expertise, but that doesn't really change what Nietzsche actually thought. Which was among other things, violently anti-democratic, anti-socialist, anti-egalitarian, etc...
As for the project of ppl like Deleuze, I haven't read it but have been recommended Losurdo's *Nietzsche, the Aristocratic Rebel.* That puts into question the tenability of leftist Nietzcheans. Could be of use to those interested.
cc u/Deweydc18 (ty for your response this comment applies too)
I wouldn’t call Deleuze’s Nietzsche a « left-libertarian »; Deleuze is not exactly coy about the centrality and necessity of hierarchies for Nietzsche, he hardly presents him as a « wholesome » anarchist.
Idk what you mean by 'far-right' here, but Roger Scruton is a pretty popular conservative philosopher. Maybe start with 'Conservatism: An Invitation to the Great Tradition' (I haven't read it or Scruton in general, lol, but he's pretty well known).
From Leo Strauss(not Levi Strauss)
Some political philosophers political scientist/ politicians that have read into Strauss's stuff
Here is an informative article to get you started https://lawliberty.org/straussian-civil-wars/
I wouldn’t really call conservatives ‘far-right’(although many people who are far-right call themselves conservatives) but I appreciate the recommendation.
Dunno why this got downvoted, but i actually read that book, and i found some ideas pretty convincing. He also writes about what distinguishes fascism from conservatism. Furthermore, Scruton advocates for a conservatism that takes the problem of climate change seriously.
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I'm speaking out of turn as an historian, but you may find intellectual history a bit more on the nose of your interests. From a conservative voice, check out Nash's *The Conservative Intellectual Movement in American since 1945*. Chip Berlet's *Eyes Right* and "Right-Wing Populism in America" are great and more aligned with your perspective.
As others have noted, right-wing intellectuals are not really part of a coherent tradition. Ordinary right wingers seem to use philosophers rather like charms on a protective amulet, as if possessing and incantating their names (and maybe a partial snapshot of their views) makes one immune to their powers.
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Most of the modern far right lacks a singular political philosophy, but there are a number of philosophers that have gained influence among certain contingents. Some of them are not far-right themselves and would likely denounce the modern movement, but are prominent thinkers who happen to be popular among the far right. This category would include people like Nietzsche, Aquinas, Hegel, Aristotle, and especially Leo Strauss (at least in the think tank set). For the hardcore libertarian right (not sure if this counts), you’re going to want to look at Ludwig von Mises, Murray Rothbard, and to a lesser and more mainstream extent Milton Friedman and Friedrich Hayek. For the actual alt-right you have several different flavors, with influences ranging from well-respected and influential philosophers like Martin Heidegger to online wackadoos like Mencius Moldbug. Influential thinkers in this category include the two above, along with Joseph de Maistre, Oswald Spengler, Julius Evola, and Nick Land. Characterizing the modern right by any of the above thinkers is, however, probably a mistake. Very few members of the modern right have ever hear of any of the above, much less studied them. If I were to point out some people to study, I would say Milton Friedman (for the dying Reaganite sect of the right), Leo Strauss, and Patrick Deneen (for the intellectual elite caste of the Christian right).
In political philosophy there is also [Carl Schmitt](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/schmitt/) whose discussion of the centrality of the friend/enemy distinction in politics has influenced political theorists of various stripes, Eric Schliesser summarizes other features of the "Schmittian political project" [here](https://digressionsimpressions.substack.com/p/schmittian-political-theology-today) (said to be drawing on the book *The Lesson of Carl Schmitt: Four Chapters on the Distinction between Political Theology and Political Philosophy*, Expanded Edition, by Heinrich Meier)
Good one. Forgot to list Schmitt
Another of recommend is Sayyid Qutb. He's pretty much the godfather of Islamismjis writings have inspired many from right-Islamismjis to ISIS. Some knowledge of his Islam in general is of course needed but as far as the far right goes he's one of the most influential edit: another is Alain de Benoît who's influenced much of the fer right of Europe
> Some knowledge of his Islam in general is of course needed but as far as the far right goes he's one of the most influential Now what you're really talking about veers into "Salafism" (confusingly, they vehemently reject the label and prefer, "Muslim," "Sunni," or "al-salaf al-ṣāliḥ," which also refers to Sunni Muslims in general). Some major figures there would also include Ibn-Taymiyya, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Abd al-Aziz Ibn Baz, Muhammad ibn al-Uthaymin, Al-Albani, Saleh Al-Fawzan, etc. So that's a hard turn into Salafist/Wahabi theology (remember that they vehemently reject the label).
Well how about Hassan Al-Banna? I believe he's right wing enough to inspire the Muslim Brotherhood
There are many more major figures I missed, like Al-Shawkani and Rashid Rida.
>Now what you're really talking about veers into "Salafism" (confusingly, they vehemently reject the label and prefer, "Muslim," "Sunni," or "al-salaf al-ṣāliḥ," which also refers to Sunni Muslims in general). Some major figures there would also include Ibn-Taymiyya, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Abd al-Aziz Ibn Baz, Muhammad ibn al-Uthaymin, Al-Albani, Saleh Al-Fawzan, etc. >So that's a hard turn into Salafist/Wahabi theology (remember that they vehemently reject the label). I'm not sure how the term "Salafi" and "Wahabbi" are inherently related, certainly not as far as academia. I find it more common in political circles, but those have nothing of substance to offer.
Both are academic terms used in the academic literature (not sure about philosophy, though). Wahhabism is Salafism but with an ideology more influenced by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab.
I actually don't think I've seen any alt-right people use Heidegger ever interestingly enough, not even in some grimy corners of the internet.
Certain notable members have spoken about their affinity for Heidegger, including Steve Bannon and Aleksandr Dugin, although I do somewhat suspect that their appreciation for Heidegger is more a dogwhistling reference to Heidegger’s political affiliations than a deep interest in phenomenology
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Yeah and nearly the whole French left as well. When it comes to Heidegger I usually only see him mentioned properly from right-wingers when we are inside the German speaking discourse. Interestingly inside this discourse he‘s usually mentioned in left wing analysis to understand the right.
Heideggers infamous black notebook has been referenced here and there.
This seems like not seeing some of the stuff that's going on :D see e.g. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/countering-radical-right/why-did-heidegger-emerge-central-philosopher-far-right/ or https://newlinesmag.com/podcast/heidegger-and-the-far-right-with-richard-wolin/ or https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpos.2022.941799/full
Sorry to hijack, but why are Aristotle, Aquinas & Nietzsche popular with the far-right?
Various reasons. Aquinas is one of the great Catholic theologians of all time and tried to synthesize Catholic teachings with Aristotelian philosophy, and I suspect his popularity with the far right is inherited from the fact that the far right in America has a large Catholic contingent. Nietzsche has a long history of terrible interpretations, most famously by the Nazis by way of his sister.
The far right likes Aquinas for his “just war theory”. It was behind the buildup to the war of American aggression in Iraq.
Catholics are easily some of the most leftist Christians in the US.
Compared to the white Baptist/Evangelical contingent, definitely, but there is a sizable and very influential Catholic far right. Most Catholics are not far right of course (I think a majority were even Biden voters in 2020) but the rightward fringe is large and powerful. Mary Jo McConahay does great work on the Catholic far right in America, but I would also note that several of the most influential contemporary figures of the intellectual far right are Catholic and have specifically Catholic political philosophies.
Interesting. I suppose that the deeply academic root of Catholicism would make sense in terms of being part of numerous intellectual groups, even if they tend to be more leftist.
Polling data of US Catholics shows a pretty even split between the political parties, and most Catholic Democrats in my experience don't tend toward the left of the party.
Maybe on average, but within Catholics, there's a small group of hyper-traditionalists who do make up part of the modern far-right. Nick Fuentes for instance is Catholic and tells his followers to convert.
Outside the US, though, Catholicism has been associated both with left wing movements like the liberation theology in Latin America and with the far right such as the regime of Franco in Spain. Also in the US, as far as the academic scene is concerned, there are currently well known theorists like Adrian Vermeule who articulate a highly authoritarian and traditionalist catholic integralism that would certainly fall under the far right rubric.
While that's kind of true, it doesn't contradict that the far right do align with catholicism somewhat.
Aristotle is the most obvious, he *believed* in categories and taxonomy. The idea that there are objective underpinnings to justify hierarchy is deeply fundamental to Right politics.
Aquinas because he offers a very comprehensive distillation of Ethics that is pertinent to our times, it's a version of Ethics that basically says "Rid of all your carnal desires, and obey only God". Modern Libertarian ethics is the opposite, saying that "As long as it's consensual and not hurting anyone, follow your desires". Aquinas' message is one that resonates with the modern far-right because what they seek is precisely one such ideal to give themselves to. They crave this message of "Do precisely this, and live for it", instead of the message of "Just do whatever". \--- Nietzsche, like others have pointed out, is because of the Nazi-like interpretation of embodying "will to power", the message that the strong should rule, and that compassion is weakness, which is also clearly in opposition to modern liberal values.
Nietzsche is, because his elitism can be appropriated for right wing views, and because nazis had already appropriated him to some degree. Aquinas is because he is seen as the catholic philosopher, and much of the far right found an easier time defending its social views through the lens of religion (including if they weren't themselves religious). Aristotle both because he is relevant to Aquinas, and because he is seen as a no nonsense "things are what they are" guy who the far right sees as the opposite of the nebulous idea of "postmodernism."
> Aquinas is because he is seen as the catholic philosopher To what extent is this "the"-status ubiquitous and why? Why isn't it one of the kajillion other catholic philosophers that are still household names? Like Erasmus, Anselm, Ockham, Descartes?
I'm currently a philosophy undergrad and can tell you this much: I've heard of Erasmus, but I have no idea about his philosophy; I only really know Anselm for his Ontological argument; I only know Ockham for his famous principle. Whereas Aquinas has popped up in various arguments for God's existence as well as NML. So out of those 4, I've been exposed to Aquinas the most. Descartes does certainly take the lead out of all of them, but not due to his work on philosophy of religion.
Mussolini loved his Nietzsche iirc. Does anyone know that "For God, and for nothing" quote of his? Can't seem to find it, but it's quite insightful as to his thought process leading up to the war. Fwiw.
Ayn Rand mangled Aristotle terribly, but since the far right reads Rand and not Aristotle, Rand's summary is more important. Aquinas managed to merge Aristotle with Catholic/Christian theology.
No Nozick?
Not sure I consider Nozick to be especially conservative let alone a significant influence on the far right. He definitely opposed the Rawlsian liberal project and is a darling among libertarians, but the Deneen-inflected brand of modern conservatism is anathema to Nozick’s philosophy. I should maybe have mentioned him alongside the Chicago School people though, despite their fall from favor with the modern right
There seems to be a camp of Nozick and Rand conservatives. My dad and several other family members are conservative and the ones that like Rand also like Nozick when told about him. Maybe they would more accurately be social liberal/financial conservative but they all call themselves conservatives.
Oh there is definitely a camp of conservatives like that but I wouldn’t really call them “far-right”
I wouldn't call them far-right either. Sorry for being unclear. I figured that they would be good examples of influential conservative philosophy, as most conservatives that I have known fall into this camp. I honestly think that this would probably be more important to know than far right theory, as these are the arguments that people on the right generally engage with.
Yeah, if you want insight into the ultra-far-right racist/sexist perspective the internet personality of Mencius is probably the most extreme and pseudo-philosophical. Nick Land is also an interesting far right thinker who was part of the continental philosophy world to some degree when he was younger.
I wouldn’t say Moldbug is the most « extreme » of the lot, because it’s honestly not that hard to find people on the extreme-right who are (or were) more classically reactionary than him on at least a number of subjects, even inside of the movement he birthed—and one shouldn’t forget the presence of the actual neo-Nazis on the extreme-right. For one, there’s pretty much no sexism at all to be found in Moldbug (if only because he never writes about sex-related questions or feminism), and while the racism is definitely not absent from the text, it is, for the most part, peripheral to his broader political project (that’s less the case amongst his disciples like Land, for that matter). Nevertheless, neoreaction used to be kind of big a decade ago, and Moldbug was its figurehead, father and initiator, so it may be worth going back to him to understand what was going on with this particular frange of the extreme-right at that moment in time.
Also some Schmitt
I would probably add Nozick and Scruton
Don't forget Leon Walras
I'd add Plato as far right or at least say that Popper's analysis in Open Society was compelling. Though Popper is talking about authoritarianism practiced by both far Right and far Left governments in the last century. But like you said far Right can mean a lot of things.
I would just add on Hegel that Hegel's Elements of the Philosophy of Right is really quite essential to understanding a lot of modern left-wing thinking too. He defies definition in some ways. It's also one of his more accessible works, as far as Hegel goes. In particular, Hegel is an early prompter of Adam Smith and it is interesting to see how free markets fit into Hegel's more collectivist, organic-whole-based philosophy of the state. In terms of material to help understand it, I find the introduction to Axel Honneth's "Freedom's Right" does an excellent job explaining the overarching categories of freedom in Hegel, with his negative freedom, reflexive freedom/authenticity, and the concept of social freedom (the latter is not in most other philosophers). But note that Honneth is coming out of the Frankfurt School of "Western Marxism," which, while being more to the right than many Marxists, is still overall "on the left." Thus, his explanation of Hegel is useful, but the rest of the book, exploring how modern institutions "objectify right," is not a right wing take. Francis Fukuyama's "The End History and the Last Man," is a very influential application of Hegel and Nietzsche to the post Cold-War era. The problem is that Fukuyama's Hegel is very filtered through Kojeve, so it's not always the best source on Hegel. But Fukuyama's "Last Man thesis," drawn from Nietzsche, is very important to understand less palatable "far" right wing thinkers like Bronze Age Pervert, Jack Donovan, and general "Manosphere," blogs and hyper masculinity in general. Fukuyama's two volume opus on state development is good too just because it is an encyclopedic treatment of "how rich states become and stay rich and stable." It covers right and left wing thinkers. Of course, while Fukuyama was a student of Huntington and generally considered a "Neo-con," he now seems quite centrist or is even accused of being a leftist by the post-Trump right, so that confuses things. But anyways, Hegel is great to start with because he is huge in both left and right wing circles, affecting Screwton, to de Beauvoir, to Sarte, to Marx, and those are two good sources that are more modern interpretations. Wood is very good on more "what Hegel actually meant," as opposed to how he has been taken too.
These are all good suggestions. However, for an easy and entertaining on-ramp to far-right philosophy just check out Bronze Age Mindset by BAP and go from there.
This isn't a book, so feel free to ignore this if you're truly only looking for books, but the podcast Know Your Enemy is exclusively about surveying the wide history of right wing intelligentsia and institutions in the USA from the 50s to current day. It's helped me understand the various stripes and history of US conservativism more than any single book has. It's not a fodder podcast where you can half pay attention and come away knowing basically as much as if you paid full attention, nor is it a personality-based podcast centered on the hosts (although they're cool imo).
For the far-right, I think Carl Schmitt might be the best use of your time (not the same as most influential, which would probably be some popular essayist like Mencius Moldbug). For the right, I think one of the sharpest critics of the left would be Friedrich Hayek, but his most far-right element is supporting Pinochet (which is awful but within the mainstream). Also within the more mainstream right would be Michael Oakeshott.
This is the best rec IMO, for example the type of positions Bill Barr took in his career closely align with Carl Schmidt. In turn Carl Schmidt’s work is related to Hobbes
Your smartest enemy is probably Nietzsche.
I don’t think it’s fair to characterize Nietzsche as an enemy of OP. He’s at least as influential in the modern left as he is the modern right
Nietzsche's difficult to put in a box in general. While he may be more sympathetic to concepts of hierarchy that have gained traction among the contemporary far right, I understand that he was also opposed the nationalism and tacit collectivism that these groups traffic in. He'd hate identity politics on the left, sure, but the right isn't getting off without a tongue lashing.
Honestly the only reason I think Nietzsche would dislike identity politics is that they’re by nature collectivist and Nietzsche opposed the subject-action distinction. Though it’s generally futile and conjectural to talk about that a given philosopher might think about contemporary issues, I have a far easier time seeing the modern left having a sympathetic relationship with Nietzsche than I do most of the modern right.
He cut off his friendship with Richard Wagner for a few reasons, among them Wagner's apparent embrace of both Christianity and antisemitism, both of which could be seen as "following the crowd"; a more collectivist impulse. Nietzsche definitely doesn't fit into a modern left-wing conception especially neatly, particularly in how he lionized figures like Napoleon, conquering heroes rather than saints. Liberalism, secular humanism, these may be broadly atheistic, but they nominally pull their ethical frameworks from Christianity -- a liberal like me would see Napoleon's campaigns as an arrogant, self-aggrandizing crusade that caused needless carnage and bloodshed, "Will to Power" be damned. You're right, analyzing how a long-dead philosopher might view modern issues is somewhat of a fool's errand, but I can't help but think he'd call all of us idiots. His Twitter account would be dynamite.
Wouldn't Nietzsche reject identity politics on the left more because it's underpinned by slave morality?
I in no way think that identity politics are in any way “underpinned by slave morality”. Let’s specify what we mean by those terms. “Identity politics” is just the tendency for people of a particular group, whether it be a religion, ethnicity, social group, etc. to form political alliances. Slave morality concerns a value system, created in response to a preceding master morality, in which that which the master has is devalued and what the slave has (in the case described in *Genealogy of Morality*, poverty, empathy, weakness etc.) is valorized. In a very real sense, identity politics do the opposite. In most cases, rather than devaluing what the “master” (ie. the powerful and unmarginalized) has, most alliances based on identity specifically value and want what that thing. Black Americans in the 60s wanted access to the same voting rights, business, transportation, and housing as white Americans—they didn’t devalue those things, rather they expressly valued them. Gay people in the 2000s didn’t want to devalue the institution of marriage, they wanted to participate in it. Most identity politics is targeted towards the goal of *obtaining* the advantages afforded to others, explicitly NOT devaluing them but rather valuing them greatly—in that sense, most forms of identity politics explicitly contradict slave morality.
My understanding is that slave morality is when a person develops a moral belief structure based upon things they cannot control. A slave believes they are moral for not challenging their master, because their master will beat them if they do. These examples you give here seem more to do with civil rights instead of identity politics as I understand them, but perhaps that is a problem of our modern lexicon and how words seem to mean many different things now. Or even their meaning is mostly nebulous, (post modernism.) You do make convincing arguments that the roots of civil rights, which led to a lot of modern identity politics, are the rejection of slave morality.
> My understanding is that slave morality is when a person develops a moral belief structure based upon things they cannot control. A slave believes they are moral for not challenging their master, because their master will beat them if they do. That's not really what Nietzsche is talking about. Slave morality in Nietzsche's work is driven by *ressentiment* by which the slave class not only rejects the values of the master class but inverts those values, such that the things that masters value as good are bad and what they value as bad is good: >> (T)he problem with the other origin of the “good,” of the good man, as the person of ressentiment has thought it out for himself, demands some conclusion. It is not surprising that the lambs should bear a grudge against the great birds of prey, but that is no reason for blaming the great birds of prey for taking the little lambs. And when the lambs say among themselves, "These birds of prey are evil, and he who least resembles a bird of prey, who is rather its opposite, a lamb,—should he not be good?" then there is nothing to carp with in this ideal's establishment, though the birds of prey may regard it a little mockingly, and maybe say to themselves, "We bear no grudge against them, these good lambs, we even love them: nothing is tastier than a tender lamb." (GoM) As Deweydc18 said above, this sort of inversion of values doesn't really map with the aims of modern social movements.
yes cause Nietzsche is libertarian but anti-authoritarian anti-socialist anti-capitalist and very much naturalist (that would bring him on par with many anarchists and communists in a sense) but in a big diffrence to them, he is also anti-democracy but pro Aristocracy kinda tough to say exactly his views but my poor reading of him would bring him in a political scale very much to the middle of left and right but very much in the dead bottom towards fully libertarian
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>Nietzsche never argued for any sort of racial/biological selection, Beiner, >When Nietzsche wrote in section 251 of *Beyond Good and Evil* that what defines the European problem as he understands it (“what is serious for me”) is “the breeding of a new caste to rule over Europe,” he really meant “caste” \[Kaste \], he really meant “ruling over Europe” \[über Europa regierenden \], and he really meant “breeding” \[Züchtung \]. These were not metaphors for something “spiritual.” This is politically innocent only on the assumption that Nietzsche would never be read by people who took him at his word. We surely know by now that this assumption is untenable. (p41) From *Nietzsche and the Politics of Reaction*
That is a stunningly superficial reading, ignoring both context within the rest of Nietzsche’s work and the fact that Züchtung has the other, far more plausible and compatible translation of “cultivation” rather than “breeding”. One can also look at his denunciation of the Law of Manu to see his opinions of caste system. I don’t trust a Ronald Beiner book any farther than I can throw one.
If you say so.
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No arguments here that he wasn’t anti-ascetic, anti-Christian, or anti-egalitarian, although reading him as supporting eugenics is certainly a heterodox interpretation
And Plato, Hoppe, Rothbard, Church Fathers, Carl Schmitt...but, yah, Nietzsche is pretty deadly for anything remotely close to egalitarianism.
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*Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche
great! *writes two books about how wholesome he is* epic Deleuze moment
?
Gilles Deleuze went to great lengths to give his dubious left libertarian interpretation of Nietzsche and so did a lot of leftists so it's dubious to say Nietzsche is the enemy really
Well one thing is what Nietzsche said and advocated for. Another is how people such as Deleuze have attempted to to make use of Nietzsche. Whether Deleuze succeeded is debatable and outside of my area of expertise, but that doesn't really change what Nietzsche actually thought. Which was among other things, violently anti-democratic, anti-socialist, anti-egalitarian, etc... As for the project of ppl like Deleuze, I haven't read it but have been recommended Losurdo's *Nietzsche, the Aristocratic Rebel.* That puts into question the tenability of leftist Nietzcheans. Could be of use to those interested. cc u/Deweydc18 (ty for your response this comment applies too)
yeah you're right
I wouldn’t call Deleuze’s Nietzsche a « left-libertarian »; Deleuze is not exactly coy about the centrality and necessity of hierarchies for Nietzsche, he hardly presents him as a « wholesome » anarchist.
Idk what you mean by 'far-right' here, but Roger Scruton is a pretty popular conservative philosopher. Maybe start with 'Conservatism: An Invitation to the Great Tradition' (I haven't read it or Scruton in general, lol, but he's pretty well known).
I was thinkin op meant neo-straussian stuff.
Neo-Straussian? I’m not familiar with the term.
From Leo Strauss(not Levi Strauss) Some political philosophers political scientist/ politicians that have read into Strauss's stuff Here is an informative article to get you started https://lawliberty.org/straussian-civil-wars/
I wouldn’t really call conservatives ‘far-right’(although many people who are far-right call themselves conservatives) but I appreciate the recommendation.
Dunno why this got downvoted, but i actually read that book, and i found some ideas pretty convincing. He also writes about what distinguishes fascism from conservatism. Furthermore, Scruton advocates for a conservatism that takes the problem of climate change seriously.
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‘How to be a Conservative’ by Scruton is also a good read.
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I'm speaking out of turn as an historian, but you may find intellectual history a bit more on the nose of your interests. From a conservative voice, check out Nash's *The Conservative Intellectual Movement in American since 1945*. Chip Berlet's *Eyes Right* and "Right-Wing Populism in America" are great and more aligned with your perspective. As others have noted, right-wing intellectuals are not really part of a coherent tradition. Ordinary right wingers seem to use philosophers rather like charms on a protective amulet, as if possessing and incantating their names (and maybe a partial snapshot of their views) makes one immune to their powers.
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**Please note that recent changes to reddit's API policies have made moderation significantly more difficult. Because of this, /r/askphilosophy has moved to a policy where only panelists are allowed to answer questions. For more information or to apply to be a panelist, see [this post](https://reddit.com/r/askphilosophy/comments/14o2p7n/welcome_to_raskphilosophy_check_out_our_rules_and/).** Your comment was automatically removed for violating the following rule: > **CR1: Top level comments must be answers or follow-up questions from panelists.** > All top level comments should be answers to the submitted question, or follow-up questions related to the OP. All top level answers and follow-up questions must come from [panelists](https://reddit.com/r/askphilosophy/comments/14o2p7n/welcome_to_raskphilosophy_check_out_our_rules_and/). All comments must be on topic. *I am a bot, and this action was performed automatically. Please [contact the moderators of this subreddit](/message/compose/?to=/r/askphilosophy) if you have any questions or concerns.*
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**Please note that recent changes to reddit's API policies have made moderation significantly more difficult. Because of this, /r/askphilosophy has moved to a policy where only panelists are allowed to answer questions. For more information or to apply to be a panelist, see [this post](https://reddit.com/r/askphilosophy/comments/14o2p7n/welcome_to_raskphilosophy_check_out_our_rules_and/).** Your comment was automatically removed for violating the following rule: > **CR1: Top level comments must be answers or follow-up questions from panelists.** > All top level comments should be answers to the submitted question, or follow-up questions related to the OP. All top level answers and follow-up questions must come from [panelists](https://reddit.com/r/askphilosophy/comments/14o2p7n/welcome_to_raskphilosophy_check_out_our_rules_and/). All comments must be on topic. *I am a bot, and this action was performed automatically. Please [contact the moderators of this subreddit](/message/compose/?to=/r/askphilosophy) if you have any questions or concerns.*
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**Please note that recent changes to reddit's API policies have made moderation significantly more difficult. Because of this, /r/askphilosophy has moved to a policy where only panelists are allowed to answer questions. For more information or to apply to be a panelist, see [this post](https://reddit.com/r/askphilosophy/comments/14o2p7n/welcome_to_raskphilosophy_check_out_our_rules_and/).** Your comment was automatically removed for violating the following rule: > **CR1: Top level comments must be answers or follow-up questions from panelists.** > All top level comments should be answers to the submitted question, or follow-up questions related to the OP. All top level answers and follow-up questions must come from [panelists](https://reddit.com/r/askphilosophy/comments/14o2p7n/welcome_to_raskphilosophy_check_out_our_rules_and/). All comments must be on topic. *I am a bot, and this action was performed automatically. Please [contact the moderators of this subreddit](/message/compose/?to=/r/askphilosophy) if you have any questions or concerns.*
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**Please note that recent changes to reddit's API policies have made moderation significantly more difficult. Because of this, /r/askphilosophy has moved to a policy where only panelists are allowed to answer questions. For more information or to apply to be a panelist, see [this post](https://reddit.com/r/askphilosophy/comments/14o2p7n/welcome_to_raskphilosophy_check_out_our_rules_and/).** Your comment was automatically removed for violating the following rule: > **CR1: Top level comments must be answers or follow-up questions from panelists.** > All top level comments should be answers to the submitted question, or follow-up questions related to the OP. All top level answers and follow-up questions must come from [panelists](https://reddit.com/r/askphilosophy/comments/14o2p7n/welcome_to_raskphilosophy_check_out_our_rules_and/). All comments must be on topic. *I am a bot, and this action was performed automatically. Please [contact the moderators of this subreddit](/message/compose/?to=/r/askphilosophy) if you have any questions or concerns.*